2007年07月27日 21:35に投稿されたエントリーのページです。
次の投稿は「◎「オーガニック認定」と×「自称オーガニック」」です。
レモンマートルについて
レモンマートルとは？
オーストラリアクイーンズランド州の多雨林を原産とする植物の名称です。
■レモンマートル
■レモンマートルの学名
■レモンマートルの葉
■Pengelly Report
■「レモンよりレモン」の言いだしっぺ
レモンとマートルのブレンドではありません。
イギリスの植生学者バックハウス卿（James Backhouse）がオーストラリア原住民アボリジニの生活から発見しました。
レモンマートルはアボリジニが古来から薬草として活用していました。
バックハウス卿にちなみ、学術名を「バックハウジア・シトリオドーラ」と呼ばれるようになりました。
■海外文献より
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The botanical name of lemon myrtle, Backhousia citriodora, was a tribute to James Backhouse, an English botanist. The name was given by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, a German botanist who was curator of the Melbourne Botanical Gardens in 1853; the species name includes reference to the citrus taste of the leaves.
↑
レモンマートルの植物学名バクホウシア・シトリオドラは、イギリス人植生学者ジェームズ･バックハウス卿にちなんだものです。学名自体は、ドイツ人植生学者であり１８５３年当時のメルボルン植物園の園長であったバロン・フェルディナンド・フォン・ミュラーにより、レモンマートル葉の柑橘（シトラール、シトラルなど）テイストも加味した上で名づけられました。
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レモンマートルは、湿潤の多雨林地帯でしかうまく育たないため、栽培が難しい植物です。
日本でごく少々、米国カリフォルニア州でも少し栽培されていますが、風味などは別物です。
その葉に含むエッセンシャルオイルは、９８％がシトラールで２％がシトロネラールという成分です。
シトラールこそが、レモンで広く知られる柑橘の芳香を出しています。
一時、リモネン成分がその芳香のもととされていましたが、間違いです。
シトラールは、世界中で研究されています。
各エッセンシャルオイル中、
レモンマートル＝約９８％
ティトリー＝約８５％
レモングラス＝約８０％
レモンバーム＝約６０％
そしてレモン＝約６％
の割合のシトラールが含まれています。
■レモンマートルのエッセンシャルオイル
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This popular oil has a vibrant aroma of lemon with a menthol back note. It is native to rainforest on the south Qld coast.
Suggested uses: Common cold, influenza, bronchitis, indigestion and herpes simplex (topical). It has been found to be effective as relieving chest congestion. It also seems useful for improving concentration as well as being relaxing, uplifting emotionally and producing soothing sleep. Superb as an air purifier. Can be applied directly onto warts, otherwise always dilute before use as it may irritate.
↓
一般的な風邪、インフルエンザ、気管支炎、消化不良、単純ヘルペスに。
胸部うっ血を和らげる効果もある。
また、集中力を向上させつつリラックス効果・精神的高揚効果・快適な睡眠のためによい。
空気清浄面では大変素晴らしい逸品である。
イボなどに直接塗布するのもいいだろうし、気になる場合は使用する前に希釈してもいいだろう。
…とのこと。
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■海外のレモンマートル文献のまとめ（逐次、和訳を掲載してゆきます）
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Backhousia Citriodora in WIKIPEDIA
Technical Information about Lemon Myrtle Oil
[Latin Name]
Backhousia Citriodora
[Family]
Myrtaceae
[Common Names]
Lemon-scented myrtle, Sweet verbena tree; Lemon ironwood. Origin: Rainforests of south east Queensland.
[Description]
A pale yellow or yellow mobile liquid of intensely fresh lemon-like odor with a pleasant sweet-green undertone. Its odour is much cleaner and fresher than Lemongrass oil and there are no grassy-fatty notes. Even the amylacetate-like fruitiness of Lemongrass oil is absent in B. citriodora.
Backhousia is a rare genus of 8 species of trees, characterised by opposite, shiny and strongly aromatic leaves. In rainforests, B. citriodora grows wild up to 30m high with lanceolate, strongly lemon-scented leaves. In early summer the tree is covered by clusters of tiny white four-petalled flowers. The tree prefers a moist climate and is frost sensitive. Propogation is by cuttings taken in spring.
[Constituents]
Leaves contain 1.5 - 2.0% essential oil consisting almost entirely of citral (85-97%).
[Properties of essential oil]
Citral is an aliphatic aldehyde in the monoterpenoid class. In plants such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), citral occurs as two isomeric aldehydes, neral and geranial. Relative density: 0.89, refractive index 1.4928, optical rotation 1.0, solubility in 70% v/v ethanol 20 degrees C: 1.5ml.
[Actions]
Besides being antiviral, antibacterial, and germicidal as shown previously, it is also sedative (4), antifungal (5), antiseptic, carminative and corrective.
[Indications]
Common cold, influenza, bronchitis, indigestion and other irritable gastrointestinal disorders, herpes simplex - apply topically over area or on reflex points of feet. If caustic to sensitive skin, dilute with carrier oil. For sensitive skin, dilute 2 drops in one ounce of carrier oil. Do not use the oil directly on skin. Always dilute.
[Applications]
As an acne cream it would be vastly more effective than other products on the market. As B. citriodora has 25% more activity against a range of microorganisms than melaleuca (phenol coefficient of 16 versus 12) it would do well in preparations such as shampoos, toothpaste, hand soaps, antiseptic lozenges, deodorizers, dental applications, throat gargles, mosquito/insect repellants, cleaning formulations, veterinary products (flea repellant) and perfumes. One or more drops of citriodora makes an excellent tea and gargle. Even rock stars gargle herbal tea with B. citriodora added to an a herbal infusion to help with raw throats. Many people are reporting improvements using B. citriodora diluted in carrier oil topically on psoriasis, rashes, folliculitis, neuro-dermatitis, itching, tinea, candidiasis and headaches. It can effectively deter the most persistent case of ant colonies roaming a house with just a few countertop applications.
The main constitutent of lemon myrtle oil, citral, in tests against fungus, proved very active, more so than camphor. Essential oils, direct their action to the microorganisms’ cell membrane. Their activity is broad spectrum thus reducing the possibility of microorganisms developing a resistance.
In fact, whatever conditions are helped by Lemongrass or Melissa oils (e.g. depression) will receive even more benefit from lemon myrtle oil simply by virtue of the fact that it contains more citral.
Some people have reported mind-altering states as a result of sitting quietly and onepointedly inhaling the vapors from a bottle.
[Modes of Application]
Use topically (always dilute with carrier oil to avoid irritating the skin), add small amounts (1 or 2 drops) to beverages and drinks as flavoring, wipe on counters, add to cleaning agents, shampoos, liquid soaps. Avoid prolonged inhalation via diffusion. Do not add to douches or enemas!
[A Rare Oil]
Main B. citriodora forests near Gympie, Queensland were destroyed during World War II when a famous soft drink company in Australia could no longer obtain Lemongrass oil from India to flavor their drinks. They found the citral content in B. citriodora met their requirements so eventually the forests were severely depleted. A few companies now plantation-grow this unique resource so that endemic strands are no longer under threat of extinction.
[The Source]
Our supplier is committed to producing a superior quality organic product. The trees are grown approximately 2-3 metres high and are irrigated with mineral water. Organic farming principles are followed (no organochlorines or organosulphides) using natural fertilizers, mulch, microbes, rock dust and natural pest control. No synthetic insecticides are employed (the high citral content of B. citriodora repels most insects).The biomass is steam distilled then the oil is double filtered. No chemicals or solvents are used in the process.
As all new plants of a selected cultivar must be propagated asexually (cuttings), are difficult and slow to strike, require good soils to prosper, be on elevated land not subject to frost and given that it is a rare oil, the cost is expensive relative to other citral oils. However, the potency of B. citriodora means extensive dilution is possible, thereby reducing its actual cost.
[Other Species]
There are eight species of Backhousia all having aromatic foliage (viz. B. anisata, B. angustifolia, B. bancroftii, B. citriodora, B. hughesii, B. myrtifolia, B. sciadophora, B. kingii). B. citriodora. appears to have the highest level of citral of any plant in the world, ranging from 85-97% (Lemongrass oil is 75-85%).
[History]
Though an attempt to link all the known Backhousia oils together has been made, it is easier to describe work previously done on individual species. Schimmel & Co. was the first to investigate B. citriodora over 100 years ago and found it to’contain 95% citral. In 1920 John Blogg noted its citral content could be used to produce ionone (the highly aromatic component found in violets which is extremely hard to produce synthetically) (7). A few years later Penfold et al. reported the existence of a chemical variety of B. citriodora which contained 1-citronellal and d-isopulegol. Attempts to relocate this species were unsuccessful and the species remained hidden for nearly fifty years until recently rediscovered.
[Toxicity]
None reported. Citral is found in fresh fruits and has a long history of acceptance by U.S. and European regulatory bodies and has been accorded GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status. Some studies performed on rats using .3glk essential oil of B. citriodora led to impaired reproductive function and prostatic enlargement in some animals, but not in others. Citral is reported to promote increased intraocular pressure in test animals, but a subsequent study failed to support this. Bear in mind, also that for therapeutic use, humans are only likely to be using a few drops of this oil at a time. Not only that, the results of animal research can never be accurately extrapolated to humans. If citral was dangerous for human health, it would not be possible to sell hundreds of thousands of tonnes of Lemon oil (which also contains citral), annually around the world!
Metabolic studies show that when minute quantities of citral are used as food flavoring, it is rapidly extracted from the food, altered into a more water-soluble form using specialized enzymes in the liver, sent to the kidneys and excreted in the urine so there is no accumulation of this chemical component in body lipids.
Because it has the world’s highest concentration of citral, without question, this is a very important oil for the aromatherapy and herbal industries along with personal hygiene products, food and beverages (both hard and soft). Already, the Japanese are very interested in adding B. citriodora to their tea for flavor enhancement. Its taste is very smooth, clean, lemon-like and pleasant. Some herbal practitioners like to add B. citriodora to teas and extract/tincture compounds to vastly improve the flavor and also to provide anti-microbial and possible immunostimulating benefits, so helpful during winter months.
As our world becomes more and more toxic with its corresponding negative effect on our first line of defense: the immune system, this potently anti-microbial essential oil deserves a place among some of the most therapeutic oils the world has to offer.
■[References]
Schnaubelt K., Potential Application of Essential Oil in Viral Disease, Int. J. Aromatherapy, 1988/89, 1/2:33
⇒海外サイト本文
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
Atkinson W. & Brice H., Anti-Bacterial Action of Essential Oil from Some Australian Plants, Aust. J. Exp. Biology 1955, 33:547
⇒（現在、未発見、無いかもしれません、古すぎます）
Pengelly A., Australian Medicinal Plant, Aust. J. Med.
⇒海外サイト本文
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
⇒Mr. Andrew Pengelly
Herbalism, Vol 3 (3) 1991 Schnaubelt K.
⇒海外サイト本文（現在未発見）
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
⇒Schnaubelt著 １・２
Friendly Molecules, Int. J. Aromatherapy 1989, 2:20
⇒海外サイト本文（現在未発見）
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
Moleyar V. & Narasimbam P., Mode of Anti-Fungal Action of Essential Oil Components: Citral and Camphor, Indian J. Exp. Biology 1987:25:781
⇒海外サイト本文
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
Tisserand R., The Essential Oil Safety Data Manual, Sussex - Tisserand Aromatherapy Institute, 1988
⇒海外サイト本文
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
Blogg J., Some Australian Essential Oils, Science & Industry 1920 Vol 2: 242
⇒海外サイト本文（具体的文献は現在未発見）
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
Australian Plant Name Index APNI
⇒海外サイト本文
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
⇒オーストラリア政府農林水産省
Hayes AJ, Markovic B. "Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity." Food Chem Toxicol. 40(4):535-43 (2002).
Hayes AJ, Markovic B. "Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin." Food Chem Toxicol. 41(10):1409-16 (2003).
⇒海外サイト本文
⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
Burke BE, Baillie JE, Olson RD. "Essential oil of Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children." Biomed Pharmacother. 58(4):245-7 (2004).
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⇒当サイト内和訳ページ
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