オール・アバウト・レモンマートル

シトラールについて（ウィキペディア参照）

このページでは、シトラールについて調べた内容を完全リストアップします。
縦に長くてすいません。

レモンマートルのシトラールという成分には、
抗バクテリア効果、抗ウイルス効果、殺菌効果、沈静作用、中和作用のちからがあります。
特に、ヘルペスウイルスを減退させる効能が大変人気です。
レモンマートルからシトラールをティなどで摂取することで、抗生物質を薬用することなく（副作用に悩まされること無く）ヘルペスウイルスを上手く抑え込むことができます。

ちなみに、
ヘルペスウイルスは人間の体内から消滅させることはできません（２００７年７月現在）
これは、現在科学や医学ではできないらしいのです。

ヘルペスが治るなどは間違いで、ヘルペスウイルスを抑え込むという表現になります。
疲れやストレスによって肌に出てくる唇ヘルペスや性器ヘルペスを抗生物質で一時的に治すと、
その後もっと抗生物質が必要になりますよね（これは、抗生物質の一般的基本知識です）
抗生物質に頼らないハーブ生活を、アボリジニは昔から営んでいるわけです。

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Citral has several medicinal uses. It is a potent antiseptic and may prove useful in treating gastro-intestinal infections, including Helicobacter pylori, which is responsible for many cases of gastric ulcer. It has antispasmodic properties that help alleviate intestinal spasms, as may occur with intestinal infections or adverse reactions to foods. Overall, it has a relaxing effect. Further, one of its modern applications is for treating throat disorders, either due to infection or to overuse and irritation.
↑
あああ、医学用語多すぎて私の英語力では難しいです…
どなたか、教えてくださいませ～
そのうち、がんばって直訳…してみます。
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これ以上に詳しい情報は無いかもしれない、相当優良な情報です。
元情報サイトはこちら（ドイツのサイト）

[Citral]
Occurrence and application
Citral is seldomly applied as fragrances in perfumes (22).

Citral has a strong lemon fragrance. The substance is applied as flavour additive in foodstuffs. Intake of the substance is estimated to be 6849 µg/person/d (114 µg/kg bw/d) in and 6990 µg/person/d (117 µg/kg bw/d) in the USA. In the USA, a little more than half of the substance is considered to originate from natural sources. (23).It occcurs in lemon grass in its natural form (19).

JECFA (Joint Expert Committee for Food Additives) has established a group-ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) (through foodstuffs)) for citral, citronellol, geranyl acetate, linalool og linalyl acetate, of 0-0.5 mg/kg bw (calculated as citral) (25).

Identification
Citral is a terpenaldehyde. The substance is a mixture of the aldehydes geranial 55-70 % (trans-structure – the shown) and neral 35-45 % (cis-structure) (26).

Chemical name Citral
Synonym 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal
CAS-No. 5392-40-5
EINECS No. 226-394-6
Molecular formula C10H16O
Molecular structure
Legislation:
Classification in accordance with the list of hazardous substances (Gov. order 439 of 3 June 2002) (12)
List of Undesirable Substances 2004 (16)
Cosmetics (1) Xi; R 43
Listed, as the substance is assessed to be allergenic at skin contact. and is 1 of th 26 fragrance allergens.assessed by SCCNFP.
Fragrances are declared in cosmetics if applied in quantities above 0.01% in products which are cleaned and 0.001% in products which are not cleaned.

Physical/Chemical properties

Physical state Liquid
Molecular weight (g/mol) 152.3 (19)
Melting point °C < -10 °C (24)
Boiling point, °C 226-228 °C (24)
Vapour pressure (Pa) < 130 Pa ved 100 °C (24)
Octanol/water partition coefficient (log Pow) 2.8 for neral og 3.0 for geranial ved 25 °C (24)
Water solubility (mg/L) 590 mg/L ved 25 °C (24)

WHO has established a NOEL[9] for citral of 100 mg/kg bw/d for rats (25).

7.3.1.1 Acute toxicity
The LD50-value by oral administration of citral in rats was found to be 4960 mg/kg bw (26)

WHO has found that citral metabolises to harmless substances that are quickly excreted quickly through the kidneys (25), (26)

The dermal LD50-value for rabbits was found to be 2250 mg/kg bw (26).

7.3.1.2 Local irritation
Testing in rabbits showed that citral was found skin irritating, but not eye irritating (26).

7.3.1.3 Allergy
EU Scientific Committe (SCCP) has registered citral on the list of fragrances. The fragrances on the list are well known allergens. Many cases of allergy in consumers have been reported. In two described studies 4 of 228 patients (1.7%) and 19 of 1855 patients (1%) respectively showed allergic reactions to citral (18).

Citral was found strongly sensitizing in guinea pigs. Between 12 and 64% voluntary test persons were sensitized using the Human Maximization Test in humans (18).

Citral belongs to fragrances which should no be used separately but only in mixtures with substances depressing the sensitizing effect of the substance (22). IFRA (International Frangrance Association) recommends that citral is only applied in products together with substances preventing a sensitizing effect, for example 25% d-limonenee, mixed citrus terpenes eller a-pinenes (22).

7.3.1.4 Long-term, repeated exposure
Citral in micro encapsulated form was administered 3 groups of 10 rats of each sex in their daily diet during 14 weeks, the daily dose being 345, 820 and 1785 mg/kg bw for males and 335, 675, and 1130 mg/kg bw for females. All doses showed effects on kidneys in males. In females, the highest dose showed low increase and reduction of the bone marrow. In this study, a NOEL2 was found to be lower than 345 mg/kg bw/d for male rats. In female rats, NOEL was 645 mg/kg bw (25).

A 2-year study group of 50 rats of each sex was exposed through their diet to 0, 50, 10 and 210 mg/kg/bw/d. In the male group was found a dose-dependent increase of the mineralization of the kidneys, which was interpreted as an increase of normally occurring deviation in the rat strain. In this study, NOEL for citral was 100 mg/kg bw/d due to reduced increase in female rats at highest dose. There was no indication that citral is carcinogenic in rats (25).

Many studies with long-term repeated exposure in rats were performed, but the studies referred are the latest and were performed by NTP (National Toxicology Program) in the USA. Their laboratories are considered to be very reliable.

Citral has been tested in an Ames’ test and in a number of other tests with bacteria and mammal cells. It has also been tested for genotoxic properties after administration in living mice. Almost all results were negative (25)

Daily doses of citral of until 1000 mg/kg bw/day before, during and after mating did not effect the fertility of rats. In the high dose analyses, microscopy showed changes in the stomach of the experimental animals. The embryos showed reduced growth in the period of lactation (26).

A concentration of 423 mg citral/ m3 inspirated air resulted in reduced growth and abortation and death among pregnant female rats exposed for 6 hours/d on the 6-15 day of gestation, but was not teratogenetic (26).

Critical effect

The critical effect of citral is assessed to be contactallergy. Because of the allergenic potential of citral, humans allergenic to the substance should avoid skin contact, as there is no lower limit for this adverse effect.

No lower limit for the contactallergy is known. MoS[10]-calculation is based on effects other than allergy. The below calculation is based on NOEL for 2 years:

Table 8-3 . Summary of data used for calculation of MoS for citral

Toxicological data (animals)
LD50, (mg/kg bw), oral, rat 4960 (24)
NOEL, (mg/kg bw/d), intake (2 year), rat 100 (23)
LOEL, (mg/kg bw/d), intak (14 weeks), rat 345 (23)

[Citronellol]
7.4.1.1 Occurrence and application
Citronellol is applied as perfumery material in perfumes, often in flower fragrancies. The substance is also applied as a flavour additive in foodstuffs. Intake of the substance is estimated to be 370 µg/person/d (6,2 µg/kg bw/d) in Europe and 771 µg/person/d (13 µg/kg bw/d) in the USA, Much of this originates from natural ingredients in foodstuffs (23). Citronellol also occurs in rose- and geranium oil and as gland secretion in alligators. (19).

Identifikation
Citronellol består af en terpenalkohol.

Chemical name Citronellol
Synonyms 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, dl-Citronellol
CAS-No. 106-22-9
EINECS No. 203-375-0
Molecular formula C10H20O
Molecular structure
Legislation:
Classification in accordance with the list of hazardous substances (Gov. order 439 of 3 June 2002) (12)
List of Undesirable Substances 2004 (16)
Cosmetics (14) Not classified
Listed, as the substance is assessed to be allergenic at skin contact.
The fragrance is stated on the product label of cosmetics if applied in quantities above 0.01% in products which are cleaned and 0.001% in products which are not cleaned.

Physical-chemical properties

Physical state: Liquid
Molecular weight (g/mol) 156.3 (19)
Melting point °C No information
Boiling point, °C No information
Vapopour pressure (Pa) No information
Octanol/water partition coefficient (log Pow) No information
Water solubility (mg/L) No information

WHO har established a NOEL[11] for citronellol of > 51 mg/kg bw/d for male rats (25).

JEFCA (Joint Expert Committee for Food Additives) has established a group-ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) of 0-0.5 mg/kg bw/d expressed as citral for the group of terpene-containing flavour additives (citral, geranylacetate, citronellol, linalool and linalyl acetate) (1).

Acute toxicity
LD50-values at oral administration of citronellol in rats were found to be 3450 mg/kg bw (21), (25) and 5000 mg/kg bw (21).

WHO assessed that citronellol most likely metabolises to harmless substances based on data on a corresponding substance (geraniol). The end product is excretred through the urine (25).

The LD50-value of citronellol applied on the skin of rabbits was found to be 2650 mg/kg bw (21).

Local irritation
The effect of citronellol is moderately irritating to the skin of humans for 48 timer, and seriously irritating to the skin of rabbit and guinea pig for 24 hours (21). No information was found on eye irritation.

Allergy
The Scientific Committe of EU SCCP has registered Cinnamal on the list of fragrances. The fragrances on the list are well known allergens, on which, however, not many cases on allergy in consumers are reported. Two out of 20 perfume allergy sufferers (35%) and 2 out of 119 (1.7%) patients suffering from cosmetic allergy showed allergic reactions to citronellol (18).

Long-term, repeated exposure
10 rats of each sex were administered citronellol (mixed with equal parts of linalool) in the diet daily for 12 weeks. The doses were 51 mg/kg bw/d for males and 56 mg/kg bw for females. At this concentration, no effects on kidneys, liver, blood were found differing from the control group or from the normal area. In this study, NOEL for citronellel was found to be higher than 51 and 56 mg/kg bw in male and female rats respectively) (25).

The result of an Ames’ test and another bacterium test with Citronellol was negative (25).

TCLo[12] for citronellol for rats was found to be 1.3 mg/m³ air by inhalation for 4 hours. By repeated inhalation for 4 hours daily for 3 days, TCLo decreased to 0.3 mg/m³ air. In both analyses, the rats showed behavioural changes (21).

Critical effect

The critical effect of citronellol is assessed to be contactallergy. Because of the allergenic potential of citronellol, humans allergic to the substance should avoid skin contact, as there is no lower limit for this adverse effect.

No lower limit for the contactallergy is known. MoS[13]-calculation is based on effects other than allergy. The below calculation is based on NOEL from the above study with administration of rats for 12 weeks.

Table 7-4 Summary of data used for calculation of MoS for citronellol

Toxicological data (animals)
LD50, (mg/kg bw), oral, rat 3450 (19,23)
NOEL, (mg/kg bw/d), intake, male rat > 51 (23)